Raymond Williams- 'culture is ordinary'
sub-cultures
the elite
F R Leavis
The Canon
Mass communication
popular culture-inclusive
high culture-exclusive
cultural practices
Richard Hoggard- 'Dumbed down' nature of popular culture. popular culture requires no intellectual engagement.
Blumler and Katz- uses and gratification theory 4 reasons for popular culture:
1.escapism
2.personal relationships
3.personal identification
4. surveillance
Pierre Bourdieo- 'being cultured makes your more educated, therefore have more authority and credibility'
Storey-'to be culturally worthwhile it has to be difficult'
transcendental- goes beyond space and time
Rituals
Mathew Arnold-'the best that is thought and known'
